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Research28 August 2026 · 7 min

The tail is the product

Why we throw away aggregate F1 on tagging benchmarks, and what we report instead. A short argument with a long table attached.

Ashish Kumar, Rin Amagai
#Evaluation#Tagging#Long-tail

Every tagging model we have ever benchmarked looks good on average and bad where it matters. This is not a coincidence, it is arithmetic: the head of a tag distribution contains most of the mass, so a model that ignores the tail can still post a respectable aggregate score.

The specific failure

Take a vocabulary of twelve thousand tags. Two hundred of them account for roughly seventy per cent of all annotations. A model that predicts only those two hundred perfectly, and nothing else at all, lands at an aggregate F1 that would have been publishable three years ago.

It is also useless. Nobody searches a corpus for girl.

What we report

Three bands, three sets of numbers, always together:

BandDefinitionWhy it exists
Headtop 200 tagssanity check; should be near-saturated
Bodynext 2,300where most real improvement happens
Tailremaining 9,500where models quietly give up

Reporting all three makes one class of paper impossible to write, which we consider the point.

The uncomfortable part

When we applied this retroactively to three published taggers, the rank order reversed. The model with the best headline number had the worst tail. We had cited it. That is roughly when this became a policy rather than an opinion.

A number you cannot defend in the follow-up thread is a number you should not have published.

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